REFERENCES
Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonists and cardiac surgery
1. Lemmer JH. Metzdorff MT. Krause AH. Martin MA. Okies JE. Hill JG. Emergency coronary artery bypass graft surgery in abciximab treated patients. Ann Thorac Surg 2000. 69: 90-95, 2000
2. Gammie JS, Zenati M, Kormos RL, Hattler BG, Wei LM, Pellegrini RV, Griffith BP, Dyke CM. Abciximab and excessive bleeding in patients undergoing emergency cardiac operations. Ann Thorac Surg. 1998; 65:465469.
3. Levy JH, Kelly AB: ACT and antithrombin effects. Circulation 1997; 96: 14-15.
4. Levy JH, Smith P (eds): Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonists and cardiac surgery. Ann Thorac Surg, In Press.
5. Bracey A, Radovancevic R, Vaugh W, Ferguson J, Livesay J. Blood use in emergency coronary artery bypass after receipt of abciximab during angioplasty. Transfusion 1998; 38:685.
6. Boehrer J.D., Kereiakes D.J., Navetta F.I., Califf R.M., Topol E.J. Effects of profound platelet inhibition with c7E3 before coronary angioplasty on complications of coronary bypass surgery. EPIC Investigators. Am J Cardiol 1994; 74:1166-1170.
7. Booth J.A., Patel V.B., Balog C., et al. Is bleeding risk increased in patients undergoing urgent coronary bypass surgery following abciximab?. Circulation 1998; 98(Suppl): I845.
8. Gammie J.S., Zenati M., Kormos R.L., et al. Abciximab and excessive bleeding in patients undergoing emergency cardiac operations. Ann Thorac Surg 1998; 65: 465-469.
9. Juergens C.P., Yeung A.C., Oesterle S.N. Routine platelet transfusion in patients undergoing emergency coronary bypass surgery after receiving abciximab. Am J Cardiol 1997; 80:74-75.
10. Alvarez J.M. Emergency coronary bypass grafting for failed percutaneous coronary artery stenting. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1998; 115: 472-473.
11. Kereiakes D.J. Prophylactic platelet transfusion in abciximab-treated patients requiring emergency coronary bypass surgery. Am J Cardiol 1998; 81:373.
12. Blankenship JC. Bleeding complications of glycoprotein IIb-IIIa receptor inhibitors. American Heart Journal. 1999; 138(4 Pt 2): 287-96.
13. Mossinger M, Dietrich W. Richer J. Antiplatelet therapy with ticlopidine increases blood loss and transfusion in coronary surgery. Anesth Analg 1999;88:SCA 105
14. Ferguson J.J., Kereiakes D.J., Adgey A.A., et al. Safe use of platelet GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors. Am Heart J 1998; 135:S77-S89.
15. Aguirre F.V., Topol E.J., Ferguson J.J., et al. Bleeding complications with the chimeric antibody to platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa integrin in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Circulation 1995; 91:2882-2890.
16. Ammar T., Scudder L.E., Coller B.S. In vitro effects of the platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor antagonist c7E3 Fab on the activated clotting time. Circulation 1997; 95:614-617.
Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonists
1. Kleiman NS. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of glycoprotein IIb-IIIa inhibitors. American Heart Journal. 1999; 138(4 Pt 2):263-75.
2. Shattil SJ. Function and regulation of the ß3 integrins in hemostasis and vascular biology. Thromb Haemost. 1995; 74:149155.
3. Coller BS. GP IIb/IIIa antagonists. Pathophysiologic and therapeutic insights from studies of c7E3 Fab. Thromb Haemost. 1997; 78:730735.
4. Lefkovits J, Plow EF, Topol EJ. Platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptors in cardiovascular medicine. N Engl J Med. 1995; 332: 15531559.
5. Phillips DR, Charo IF, Scarborough RM. GP IIb/IIIa. The responsive integrin. Cell. 1991; 65:359362.
6. Topol EJ. Toward a new frontier in myocardial reperfusion therapy: emerging platelet preeminence. Circulation. 1998; 97:211218.
7. Tcheng JE. Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor inhibitors: putting the EPIC, IMPACT II, RESTORE, and EPILOG trials into perspective. Am J Cardiol. 1996; 78(suppl 3A): 3540.
8. Madan M, Berkowitz SD, Tcheng JE. Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa integrin blockade. Circulation.. 1998; 98: 26292635.
9. Coller BS. Blockade of platelet GP IIb/IIIa receptors as an antithrombotic strategy. Circulation. 1995; 92:23732380.
10. Harrington RA, Kleiman NS, Kottke-Marchant K, Lincoff M, Tcheng JE, Sigmon KN, Joseph D, Rios G, Trainor K, Rose D, Greenberg CS, Kitt MM, Topol EJ, Califf RM. Immediate and reversible platelet inhibition after intravenous administration of a peptide glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor during percutaneous coronary intervention. Am J Cardiol. 1995;76:12221227.
11. Boehrer JD, Kereiakes DJ, Navetta FI, Califf RM, Topol EJ, for the EPIC Investigators. Effects of profound platelet inhibition with c7E3 before coronary angioplasty on complications of coronary bypass surgery. Am J Cardiol. 1994; 74:11661170.
12. The EPIC Investigators. Use of a monoclonal antibody directed against the platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor in high-risk coronary angioplasty. N Engl J Med. 1994; 90:956961.
13. Topol EJ, Califf RM, Weisman HF, Ellis SG, Tcheng JE, Worley S, Ivanhoe R, George BS, Fintel D, Weston M, Sigmon K, Anderson KM, Lee KL, Willerson JT, on behalf of the EPIC investigators. Randomized trial of coronary intervention with antibody against platelet IIb/IIIa integrin for reduction of clinical restenosis: results at six months. Lancet. 1994; 343:881886.
14. The CAPTURE Investigators. Randomised placebo-controlled trial of abciximab before and during coronary intervention in refractory unstable angina: the CAPTURE study. Lancet. 1997;349:14291435
15. The EPILOG Investigators. Platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor blockade and low-dose heparin during percutaneous coronary revascularization. N Engl J Med. 1997; 336:16891696.
16. Deitch JS, Williams JK, Adams MR, Fly CA, Herrington DM, Jordan RE, Nakada MT, Jakubowski JA, Geary RL. Effects of ß3-integrin blockade (c7E3) on the response to angioplasty and intra-arterial stenting in atherosclerotic nonhuman primates. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1998; 18:17301737.
17. Coller BS. Monitoring of platelet GP IIb/IIIa antagonist therapy. Circulation. 1997; 96: 38283832.
18. Kereiakes DJ, Kleiman NS, Ambrose J, Cohen M, Rodriquez S, Palabrica T, Herrmann HC, Sutton JM, Weaver WD, McKee DB, Fitzpatrick V, Sax FL. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled dose-ranging study of tirofiban (MK-383) platelet IIb/IIIa blockade in high risk patients undergoing coronary angioplasty. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1996; 27:536542.
19. The IMPACT-II Investigators. Randomised placebo-controlled trial of effect of eptifibatide on complications of percutaneous coronary intervention: IMPACT-II. Lancet. 1997; 349:14221428.
20. The PURSUIT Trial Investigators. Inhibition of platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa with eptifibatide in patients with acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 1998; 339:436443.
21. Collen D, Lu HR, Stassen JM, Vreys I, Yasuda T, Bunting S, Gold HK. Antithrombotic effects and bleeding time prolongation with synthetic platelet GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors in animal models of platelet-mediated thrombosis. Thromb Haemost. 1994; 71:95102.
22. Theroux P, Kouz M, Roy L, Knudtson ML, Diodati JG, Marquis J-F, Nasmith J, Fung AY, Boudreault J-R, Delage F, Dupuis R, Kells C, Bokslag M, Steiner B, Rapold HJ, on behalf of the investigators. Platelet membrane receptor glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonism in unstable angina: the Canadian Lamifiban study. Circulation. 1996; 94:899905.
23. Vorcheimer DA, Fuster V. Oral platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor antagonists: the present challenge is safety. Circulation. 1998;97:312314.
24. Tcheng JE, Thel MC, Jennings L, Joseph D, Caud TL, Talley JD, Kleiman NS, Gilchrist IC, Lorenz T, Kitt MM. Platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor blockade with high-dose integrilin in coronary intervention: results of the PRIDE Study. Eur Heart J. 1997; 18(suppl):624. Abstract.
25. Simoons ML, de Boer MJ, van den Brand MJ, van Miltenburg AJ, Hoorntje JC, Heyndrickx GR, van der Wieken LR, de Bono D, Rutsch W, Schaible TF, Weisman HF, Klootwijk P, Nijssen KM, Stibbe J, de Feyter PF, and the European Cooperative Study Group. Randomized trial of a GP IIb/IIIa platelet receptor blocker in refractory unstable angina. Circulation.. 1994;89:596603.[Abstract]
26. Kereiakes DJ, Kleiman NS, Ambrose J, Cohen M, Rodriguez S, Palabrica T, Herrmann HC, Sutton JM, Weaver WD, McKee DB, Fitzpatrick V, Sax FL. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled dose-ranging study of tirofiban (MK-383) platelet IIb/IIIa blockade in high risk patients undergoing coronary angioplasty. J Am Coll Cardiol.1996; 27:536542.
Ticlopidine and clopidogrel
1. Verstraete M, Zoldhelyi P. Novel antithrombotic drugs in development. Drugs. 1995; 49:856-84.
2. Mills DC, Puri R, Hu CJ, Minniti C, Grana G, Freedman MD, et al. Clopidogrel inhibits the binding of ADP analogues to the receptor mediating inhibition of platelet adenylate cyclase. Arterioscler Thromb. 1992; 12: 430-6.
3. Schafer AI. Antiplatelet therapy. Am J Med. 1996; 101:199-209.
4. Herbert JM, Frehel D, Vallee E, Kieffer G, Gouy D, Berger Y, et al. Clopidogrel, a novel antiplatelet and antithrombotic agent. Cardiovasc Drug Rev. 1993; 11:180-98.
5. Gachet C, Stierle A, Cazenave JP, Ohlmann P, Lanza F, Bouloux C, et al. The thienopyridine PCR 4099 selectively inhibits ADP-induced platelet aggregation and fibrinogen binding without modifying the membrane glycoprotein IIb-IIIa complex in rat and in man. Biochem Pharmacol. 1990; 40:229-38.
6. Di Minno G, Cerbone AM, Mattioli PL, Turco S, Iovine C, Mancini M. Functionally thrombasthenic state in normal platelets following the administration of ticlopidine. J Clin Invest. 1985; 75:328-38.
7. Hourani SM, Hall DA. Receptors for ADP on human blood platelets. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 1994; 15:103-8.
8. Coukell AJ, Markham A. Clopidogrel. Drugs. 1997; 54:745-50.
9. Makkar R, Eigler N, Kaul S, Zeng H, Herbert JM, Litvack F. Clopidogrel, a novel platelet ADP-receptor antagonist inhibits aspirin and ticlopidine-resistant stent thrombosis [Abstract]. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1997;29(Suppl A):353A.
10. Gent M. Benefit of clopidogrel in patients with coronary artery disease [Abstract]. Circulation. 1997; 96(Suppl I): I-467.
Bleeding and cardiac surgery
1. Levy JH, Pifarre R, Schaff H, Horrow JC, Albus R, Spiess B, Rosengart T, Murray J, Smith P, Kleinfield R: A multicenter, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial of aprotinin to reduce blood loss and the requirement of donor blood transfusion in patients undergoing repeat coronary artery bypass grafting, Circulation 1995; 92: 2236-2244.
2. D'Ambra MN, Akins CW, Blackstone EH, Cosgrove DM, Levy JH, Lynch KE, Maddi RR, Kirklin JW: The effect of aprotinin in primary cardiac valve replacement and reconstruction: A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1996; 112: 1081-1089.
3. Miller BE, Bailey JM, Levy JH, Mochizuki T,Tam VKH, Tosone SR,Kanter KR: Predicting and treating coagulopathies after cardiopulmonary bypass in children. Anesth Analg 1997; 85:1196-1202.
4. Levy JH, Morales A, Lemmer JH: Pharmacologic approaches to prevent or decrease bleeding in surgical patients. Chapter in Transfusion Medicine, Speiss B, Counts R, Gould S (eds), Williams & Wilkins, 383-398, 1997
5. Miller BE, Tosone SR, Tam VKH, Kanter KR, Guzzetta NA, Mochizuki T, Levy JH: Hematologic and economic impact of aprotinin in reoperative pediatric cardiac surgery. Ann Thorac Surg 1998; 66:535-540.
6. Mochizuki T, Olson PJ, Ramsay JG, Szlam F, Levy JH: Protamine reversal of heparin affects platelet aggregation and activated clotting time after cardiopulmonary bypass. Anesth Analg1998; 87:781-785..
7. Alderman EL, Levy JH, Rich J, Nile M, Vidne B, Schaff H, Uretzky G, Pettersson G, Thiis JJ, Hantler CB, Chaitman B; Nadel A: International multi-center aprotinin graft patency experience (IMAGE). J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1998; 116:716-730.
Anticoagulation
1. Despotis GJ. Levine V. Joist JH. Joiner-Maier D. Spitznagel E. Antithrombin III during cardiac surgery: effect on response of activated clotting time to heparin and relationship to markers of hemostatic activation. Anesth Analg. 1997;85(3):498-506.
2. Despotis GJ. Joist JH. Hogue CW Jr. Alsoufiev A. Joiner-Maier D. Santoro SA. Spitznagel E. Weitz JI.Goodnough LT. More effective suppression of hemostatic system activation in patients undergoing cardiac surgery by heparin dosing based on heparin blood concentrations rather than ACT. Thromb Haemostasis. 1996; 76(6): 902-8.
3. Dietrich W. Dilthey G. Spannagl M. Richter JA. Warfarin pretreatment does not lead to increased bleeding tendency during cardiac surgery. J CardiothVasc Anesth 1995; 9(3):250-4.
4. Dietrich W. Spannagl M. Schramm W. Vogt W. Barankay A. Richter JA. The influence of preoperative anticoagulation on heparin response during cardiopulmonary bypass. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1991; 102(4):505-14.
5. Greinacher, H. Völpel, U. Janssens, V. Hach-Wunderle, B. Kemkes-Matthes, P. Eichler, H. G.Mueller-Velten, and B. Pötzsch. Recombinant hirudin (lepirudin) provides safe and effective anticoagulation in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia : a prospective study. Circulation 1999; 99:73-80.
6. Hirsh J, Ginsberg JS, Marder VJ. Anticoagulation with coumarin agents. In: Colman RW HJ Marder VJ, Salzman EW, ed. Hemostasis and Thrombosis: Basic Principles and Clinical Practice. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott, 1994; 1567-1583.
7. Kikura M, Lee MK, Levy JH: Hexadimethrine and methylene blue reversal of heparin following cardiopulmonary bypass. Anesth Analg 1996; 83: 223-227.
8. Levy JH, Cormack JG, Morales A: Heparin neutralization by platelet factor 4 and protamine. Anesth Analg 1995; 81: 35-37.
9. Levy JH. Anaphylactic Reactions in Anesthesia and Intensive Care. 2nd Edition. Butterworth-Heinemann, 1992.
10. Levy JH, Despotis GJ, Olson PJ, Weisinger A, Szlam F: Transgenically produced recombinant human ATIII enhances the antithrombotic effects of heparin in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Blood 1997; 90:298A (Supp I).
11. Mochizuki T, Olson PJ, Ramsay JG, Szlam F, Levy JH: Protamine reversal of heparin affects platelet aggregation and activated clotting time after cardiopulmonary bypass. Anesth Analg 1998;87:781-785
12. Pötzsch B, Madlener K, Seelig C, Riess CF, Greinacher A, Müller-Berghaus G. Monitoring of r-hirudin anticoagulation during cardiopulmonary bypass: assessment of the whole blood ecarin clotting time. Thromb Haemost. 1997; 77:920-925.
13. Riess FC. Potzsch B. Bader R. Bleese N. Greinacher A. Lower C. Madlener K. Muller-Berghaus G. A case report on the use of recombinant hirudin as an anticoagulant for cardiopulmonary bypass in open heart surgery. European Journal Cardioth Surg. 1996; 10(5):386-8.
14. Salzman EW, Hirsh J, Marder VJ. Clinical use of heparin. In: Colman RW HJ Marder VJ, Salzman EW, ed. Hemostasis and Thrombosis: Basic Principles and Clinical Practice. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott, 1994; 1584-1591.
(Posted February 4, 2000)
Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonists and cardiac surgery
1. Lemmer JH. Metzdorff MT. Krause AH. Martin MA. Okies JE. Hill JG. Emergency coronary artery bypass graft surgery in abciximab treated patients. Ann Thorac Surg 2000. 69: 90-95, 2000
2. Gammie JS, Zenati M, Kormos RL, Hattler BG, Wei LM, Pellegrini RV, Griffith BP, Dyke CM. Abciximab and excessive bleeding in patients undergoing emergency cardiac operations. Ann Thorac Surg. 1998; 65:465469.
3. Levy JH, Kelly AB: ACT and antithrombin effects. Circulation 1997; 96: 14-15.
4. Levy JH, Smith P (eds): Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonists and cardiac surgery. Ann Thorac Surg, In Press.
5. Bracey A, Radovancevic R, Vaugh W, Ferguson J, Livesay J. Blood use in emergency coronary artery bypass after receipt of abciximab during angioplasty. Transfusion 1998; 38:685.
6. Boehrer J.D., Kereiakes D.J., Navetta F.I., Califf R.M., Topol E.J. Effects of profound platelet inhibition with c7E3 before coronary angioplasty on complications of coronary bypass surgery. EPIC Investigators. Am J Cardiol 1994; 74:1166-1170.
7. Booth J.A., Patel V.B., Balog C., et al. Is bleeding risk increased in patients undergoing urgent coronary bypass surgery following abciximab?. Circulation 1998; 98(Suppl): I845.
8. Gammie J.S., Zenati M., Kormos R.L., et al. Abciximab and excessive bleeding in patients undergoing emergency cardiac operations. Ann Thorac Surg 1998; 65: 465-469.
9. Juergens C.P., Yeung A.C., Oesterle S.N. Routine platelet transfusion in patients undergoing emergency coronary bypass surgery after receiving abciximab. Am J Cardiol 1997; 80:74-75.
10. Alvarez J.M. Emergency coronary bypass grafting for failed percutaneous coronary artery stenting. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1998; 115: 472-473.
11. Kereiakes D.J. Prophylactic platelet transfusion in abciximab-treated patients requiring emergency coronary bypass surgery. Am J Cardiol 1998; 81:373.
12. Blankenship JC. Bleeding complications of glycoprotein IIb-IIIa receptor inhibitors. American Heart Journal. 1999; 138(4 Pt 2): 287-96.
13. Mossinger M, Dietrich W. Richer J. Antiplatelet therapy with ticlopidine increases blood loss and transfusion in coronary surgery. Anesth Analg 1999;88:SCA 105
14. Ferguson J.J., Kereiakes D.J., Adgey A.A., et al. Safe use of platelet GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors. Am Heart J 1998; 135:S77-S89.
15. Aguirre F.V., Topol E.J., Ferguson J.J., et al. Bleeding complications with the chimeric antibody to platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa integrin in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Circulation 1995; 91:2882-2890.
16. Ammar T., Scudder L.E., Coller B.S. In vitro effects of the platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor antagonist c7E3 Fab on the activated clotting time. Circulation 1997; 95:614-617.
Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonists
1. Kleiman NS. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of glycoprotein IIb-IIIa inhibitors. American Heart Journal. 1999; 138(4 Pt 2):263-75.
2. Shattil SJ. Function and regulation of the ß3 integrins in hemostasis and vascular biology. Thromb Haemost. 1995; 74:149155.
3. Coller BS. GP IIb/IIIa antagonists. Pathophysiologic and therapeutic insights from studies of c7E3 Fab. Thromb Haemost. 1997; 78:730735.
4. Lefkovits J, Plow EF, Topol EJ. Platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptors in cardiovascular medicine. N Engl J Med. 1995; 332: 15531559.
5. Phillips DR, Charo IF, Scarborough RM. GP IIb/IIIa. The responsive integrin. Cell. 1991; 65:359362.
6. Topol EJ. Toward a new frontier in myocardial reperfusion therapy: emerging platelet preeminence. Circulation. 1998; 97:211218.
7. Tcheng JE. Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor inhibitors: putting the EPIC, IMPACT II, RESTORE, and EPILOG trials into perspective. Am J Cardiol. 1996; 78(suppl 3A): 3540.
8. Madan M, Berkowitz SD, Tcheng JE. Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa integrin blockade. Circulation.. 1998; 98: 26292635.
9. Coller BS. Blockade of platelet GP IIb/IIIa receptors as an antithrombotic strategy. Circulation. 1995; 92:23732380.
10. Harrington RA, Kleiman NS, Kottke-Marchant K, Lincoff M, Tcheng JE, Sigmon KN, Joseph D, Rios G, Trainor K, Rose D, Greenberg CS, Kitt MM, Topol EJ, Califf RM. Immediate and reversible platelet inhibition after intravenous administration of a peptide glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor during percutaneous coronary intervention. Am J Cardiol. 1995;76:12221227.
11. Boehrer JD, Kereiakes DJ, Navetta FI, Califf RM, Topol EJ, for the EPIC Investigators. Effects of profound platelet inhibition with c7E3 before coronary angioplasty on complications of coronary bypass surgery. Am J Cardiol. 1994; 74:11661170.
12. The EPIC Investigators. Use of a monoclonal antibody directed against the platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor in high-risk coronary angioplasty. N Engl J Med. 1994; 90:956961.
13. Topol EJ, Califf RM, Weisman HF, Ellis SG, Tcheng JE, Worley S, Ivanhoe R, George BS, Fintel D, Weston M, Sigmon K, Anderson KM, Lee KL, Willerson JT, on behalf of the EPIC investigators. Randomized trial of coronary intervention with antibody against platelet IIb/IIIa integrin for reduction of clinical restenosis: results at six months. Lancet. 1994; 343:881886.
14. The CAPTURE Investigators. Randomised placebo-controlled trial of abciximab before and during coronary intervention in refractory unstable angina: the CAPTURE study. Lancet. 1997;349:14291435
15. The EPILOG Investigators. Platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor blockade and low-dose heparin during percutaneous coronary revascularization. N Engl J Med. 1997; 336:16891696.
16. Deitch JS, Williams JK, Adams MR, Fly CA, Herrington DM, Jordan RE, Nakada MT, Jakubowski JA, Geary RL. Effects of ß3-integrin blockade (c7E3) on the response to angioplasty and intra-arterial stenting in atherosclerotic nonhuman primates. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1998; 18:17301737.
17. Coller BS. Monitoring of platelet GP IIb/IIIa antagonist therapy. Circulation. 1997; 96: 38283832.
18. Kereiakes DJ, Kleiman NS, Ambrose J, Cohen M, Rodriquez S, Palabrica T, Herrmann HC, Sutton JM, Weaver WD, McKee DB, Fitzpatrick V, Sax FL. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled dose-ranging study of tirofiban (MK-383) platelet IIb/IIIa blockade in high risk patients undergoing coronary angioplasty. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1996; 27:536542.
19. The IMPACT-II Investigators. Randomised placebo-controlled trial of effect of eptifibatide on complications of percutaneous coronary intervention: IMPACT-II. Lancet. 1997; 349:14221428.
20. The PURSUIT Trial Investigators. Inhibition of platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa with eptifibatide in patients with acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 1998; 339:436443.
21. Collen D, Lu HR, Stassen JM, Vreys I, Yasuda T, Bunting S, Gold HK. Antithrombotic effects and bleeding time prolongation with synthetic platelet GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors in animal models of platelet-mediated thrombosis. Thromb Haemost. 1994; 71:95102.
22. Theroux P, Kouz M, Roy L, Knudtson ML, Diodati JG, Marquis J-F, Nasmith J, Fung AY, Boudreault J-R, Delage F, Dupuis R, Kells C, Bokslag M, Steiner B, Rapold HJ, on behalf of the investigators. Platelet membrane receptor glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonism in unstable angina: the Canadian Lamifiban study. Circulation. 1996; 94:899905.
23. Vorcheimer DA, Fuster V. Oral platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor antagonists: the present challenge is safety. Circulation. 1998;97:312314.
24. Tcheng JE, Thel MC, Jennings L, Joseph D, Caud TL, Talley JD, Kleiman NS, Gilchrist IC, Lorenz T, Kitt MM. Platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor blockade with high-dose integrilin in coronary intervention: results of the PRIDE Study. Eur Heart J. 1997; 18(suppl):624. Abstract.
25. Simoons ML, de Boer MJ, van den Brand MJ, van Miltenburg AJ, Hoorntje JC, Heyndrickx GR, van der Wieken LR, de Bono D, Rutsch W, Schaible TF, Weisman HF, Klootwijk P, Nijssen KM, Stibbe J, de Feyter PF, and the European Cooperative Study Group. Randomized trial of a GP IIb/IIIa platelet receptor blocker in refractory unstable angina. Circulation.. 1994;89:596603.[Abstract]
26. Kereiakes DJ, Kleiman NS, Ambrose J, Cohen M, Rodriguez S, Palabrica T, Herrmann HC, Sutton JM, Weaver WD, McKee DB, Fitzpatrick V, Sax FL. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled dose-ranging study of tirofiban (MK-383) platelet IIb/IIIa blockade in high risk patients undergoing coronary angioplasty. J Am Coll Cardiol.1996; 27:536542.
Ticlopidine and clopidogrel
1. Verstraete M, Zoldhelyi P. Novel antithrombotic drugs in development. Drugs. 1995; 49:856-84.
2. Mills DC, Puri R, Hu CJ, Minniti C, Grana G, Freedman MD, et al. Clopidogrel inhibits the binding of ADP analogues to the receptor mediating inhibition of platelet adenylate cyclase. Arterioscler Thromb. 1992; 12: 430-6.
3. Schafer AI. Antiplatelet therapy. Am J Med. 1996; 101:199-209.
4. Herbert JM, Frehel D, Vallee E, Kieffer G, Gouy D, Berger Y, et al. Clopidogrel, a novel antiplatelet and antithrombotic agent. Cardiovasc Drug Rev. 1993; 11:180-98.
5. Gachet C, Stierle A, Cazenave JP, Ohlmann P, Lanza F, Bouloux C, et al. The thienopyridine PCR 4099 selectively inhibits ADP-induced platelet aggregation and fibrinogen binding without modifying the membrane glycoprotein IIb-IIIa complex in rat and in man. Biochem Pharmacol. 1990; 40:229-38.
6. Di Minno G, Cerbone AM, Mattioli PL, Turco S, Iovine C, Mancini M. Functionally thrombasthenic state in normal platelets following the administration of ticlopidine. J Clin Invest. 1985; 75:328-38.
7. Hourani SM, Hall DA. Receptors for ADP on human blood platelets. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 1994; 15:103-8.
8. Coukell AJ, Markham A. Clopidogrel. Drugs. 1997; 54:745-50.
9. Makkar R, Eigler N, Kaul S, Zeng H, Herbert JM, Litvack F. Clopidogrel, a novel platelet ADP-receptor antagonist inhibits aspirin and ticlopidine-resistant stent thrombosis [Abstract]. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1997;29(Suppl A):353A.
10. Gent M. Benefit of clopidogrel in patients with coronary artery disease [Abstract]. Circulation. 1997; 96(Suppl I): I-467.
Bleeding and cardiac surgery
1. Levy JH, Pifarre R, Schaff H, Horrow JC, Albus R, Spiess B, Rosengart T, Murray J, Smith P, Kleinfield R: A multicenter, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial of aprotinin to reduce blood loss and the requirement of donor blood transfusion in patients undergoing repeat coronary artery bypass grafting, Circulation 1995; 92: 2236-2244.
2. D'Ambra MN, Akins CW, Blackstone EH, Cosgrove DM, Levy JH, Lynch KE, Maddi RR, Kirklin JW: The effect of aprotinin in primary cardiac valve replacement and reconstruction: A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1996; 112: 1081-1089.
3. Miller BE, Bailey JM, Levy JH, Mochizuki T,Tam VKH, Tosone SR,Kanter KR: Predicting and treating coagulopathies after cardiopulmonary bypass in children. Anesth Analg 1997; 85:1196-1202.
4. Levy JH, Morales A, Lemmer JH: Pharmacologic approaches to prevent or decrease bleeding in surgical patients. Chapter in Transfusion Medicine, Speiss B, Counts R, Gould S (eds), Williams & Wilkins, 383-398, 1997
5. Miller BE, Tosone SR, Tam VKH, Kanter KR, Guzzetta NA, Mochizuki T, Levy JH: Hematologic and economic impact of aprotinin in reoperative pediatric cardiac surgery. Ann Thorac Surg 1998; 66:535-540.
6. Mochizuki T, Olson PJ, Ramsay JG, Szlam F, Levy JH: Protamine reversal of heparin affects platelet aggregation and activated clotting time after cardiopulmonary bypass. Anesth Analg1998; 87:781-785..
7. Alderman EL, Levy JH, Rich J, Nile M, Vidne B, Schaff H, Uretzky G, Pettersson G, Thiis JJ, Hantler CB, Chaitman B; Nadel A: International multi-center aprotinin graft patency experience (IMAGE). J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1998; 116:716-730.
Anticoagulation
1. Despotis GJ. Levine V. Joist JH. Joiner-Maier D. Spitznagel E. Antithrombin III during cardiac surgery: effect on response of activated clotting time to heparin and relationship to markers of hemostatic activation. Anesth Analg. 1997;85(3):498-506.
2. Despotis GJ. Joist JH. Hogue CW Jr. Alsoufiev A. Joiner-Maier D. Santoro SA. Spitznagel E. Weitz JI.Goodnough LT. More effective suppression of hemostatic system activation in patients undergoing cardiac surgery by heparin dosing based on heparin blood concentrations rather than ACT. Thromb Haemostasis. 1996; 76(6): 902-8.
3. Dietrich W. Dilthey G. Spannagl M. Richter JA. Warfarin pretreatment does not lead to increased bleeding tendency during cardiac surgery. J CardiothVasc Anesth 1995; 9(3):250-4.
4. Dietrich W. Spannagl M. Schramm W. Vogt W. Barankay A. Richter JA. The influence of preoperative anticoagulation on heparin response during cardiopulmonary bypass. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1991; 102(4):505-14.
5. Greinacher, H. Völpel, U. Janssens, V. Hach-Wunderle, B. Kemkes-Matthes, P. Eichler, H. G.Mueller-Velten, and B. Pötzsch. Recombinant hirudin (lepirudin) provides safe and effective anticoagulation in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia : a prospective study. Circulation 1999; 99:73-80.
6. Hirsh J, Ginsberg JS, Marder VJ. Anticoagulation with coumarin agents. In: Colman RW HJ Marder VJ, Salzman EW, ed. Hemostasis and Thrombosis: Basic Principles and Clinical Practice. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott, 1994; 1567-1583.
7. Kikura M, Lee MK, Levy JH: Hexadimethrine and methylene blue reversal of heparin following cardiopulmonary bypass. Anesth Analg 1996; 83: 223-227.
8. Levy JH, Cormack JG, Morales A: Heparin neutralization by platelet factor 4 and protamine. Anesth Analg 1995; 81: 35-37.
9. Levy JH. Anaphylactic Reactions in Anesthesia and Intensive Care. 2nd Edition. Butterworth-Heinemann, 1992.
10. Levy JH, Despotis GJ, Olson PJ, Weisinger A, Szlam F: Transgenically produced recombinant human ATIII enhances the antithrombotic effects of heparin in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Blood 1997; 90:298A (Supp I).
11. Mochizuki T, Olson PJ, Ramsay JG, Szlam F, Levy JH: Protamine reversal of heparin affects platelet aggregation and activated clotting time after cardiopulmonary bypass. Anesth Analg 1998;87:781-785
12. Pötzsch B, Madlener K, Seelig C, Riess CF, Greinacher A, Müller-Berghaus G. Monitoring of r-hirudin anticoagulation during cardiopulmonary bypass: assessment of the whole blood ecarin clotting time. Thromb Haemost. 1997; 77:920-925.
13. Riess FC. Potzsch B. Bader R. Bleese N. Greinacher A. Lower C. Madlener K. Muller-Berghaus G. A case report on the use of recombinant hirudin as an anticoagulant for cardiopulmonary bypass in open heart surgery. European Journal Cardioth Surg. 1996; 10(5):386-8.
14. Salzman EW, Hirsh J, Marder VJ. Clinical use of heparin. In: Colman RW HJ Marder VJ, Salzman EW, ed. Hemostasis and Thrombosis: Basic Principles and Clinical Practice. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott, 1994; 1584-1591.
(Posted February 4, 2000)